What is the result of mating between a normal female and a hemophilic male in humans?

The result of mating between a normal female and a hemophilic male leads to all daughters being carriers of hemophilia. This is due to the way hemophilia is inherited, which is typically through an X-linked recessive pattern.

In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). A normal female would have at least one normal allele for the hemophilia gene on her X chromosomes. On the other hand, a hemophilic male has one X chromosome carrying the hemophilia allele and a Y chromosome.

When these two individuals mate, the daughters will inherit one X chromosome from the father, which carries the hemophilia gene, and one X chromosome from the mother, which is normal. Consequently, all daughters will have one normal and one hemophilic allele, making them carriers. They will not express hemophilia themselves because they also have a normal allele, which is enough to compensate for the defective one.

Understanding this pattern of inheritance is crucial for predicting the genetic outcomes in offspring when one parent has a sex-linked recessive condition like hemophilia.